All 423 General questions
G1 Commission's Rules
- G1A01On which HF and/or MF amateur bands are there portions where General class licensees cannot transmit?
- G1A02On which of the following bands is phone operation prohibited?
- G1A03On which of the following bands is image transmission prohibited?
- G1A05On which of the following frequencies are General class licensees prohibited from operating as control operator?
- G1A06Which of the following applies when the FCC rules designate the amateur service as a secondary user on a band?
- G1A07On which amateur frequencies in the 10-meter band may stations with a General class control operator transmit CW emissions?
- G1A08Which HF bands have segments exclusively allocated to Amateur Extra licensees?
- G1A09Which of the following frequencies is within the General class portion of the 15-meter band?
- G1A10What portion of the 10-meter band is available for repeater use?
- G1A11When General class licensees are not permitted to use the entire voice portion of a band, which portion of the voice segment is available to them?
- G1B01What is the maximum height above ground for an antenna structure not near a public use airport without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC?
- G1B02With which of the following conditions must beacon stations comply?
- G1B03Which of the following is a purpose of a beacon station as identified in the FCC rules?
- G1B04Which of the following transmissions is permitted for all amateur stations?
- G1B05Which of the following one-way transmissions are permitted?
- G1B06Under what conditions are state and local governments permitted to regulate amateur radio antenna structures?
- G1B07What are the restrictions on the use of abbreviations or procedural signals in the amateur service?
- G1B08When is it permissible to communicate with amateur stations in countries outside the areas administered by the Federal Communications Commission?
- G1B09On what HF frequencies are automatically controlled beacons permitted?
- G1B10What is the power limit for beacon stations?
- G1B11Who or what determines “good engineering and good amateur practice,” as applied to the operation of an amateur station in all respects not covered by the Part 97 rules?
- G1C01What is the maximum transmitter power an amateur station may use on 10.140 MHz?
- G1C02What is the maximum transmitter power an amateur station may use on the 12-meter band?
- G1C03What is the maximum bandwidth permitted by FCC rules for amateur radio stations transmitting on USB frequencies in the 60-meter band?
- G1C04Which of the following is required by the FCC rules when operating in the 60-meter band?
- G1C05What is the limit for transmitter power on the 28 MHz band for a General Class control operator?
- G1C06What is the limit for transmitter power on the 1.8 MHz band?
- G1C07What must be done before using a new digital protocol on the air?
- G1C11What measurement is specified by FCC rules that regulate maximum power?
- G1D01Who may receive partial credit for the elements represented by an expired amateur radio license?
- G1D02What license examinations may you administer as an accredited Volunteer Examiner holding a General class operator license?
- G1D03On which of the following band segments may you operate if you are a Technician class operator and have an unexpired Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE) for General class privileges?
- G1D04Who must observe the administration of a Technician class license examination?
- G1D05When operating a US station by remote control from outside the country, what license is required of the control operator?
- G1D06Until an upgrade to General class is shown in the FCC database, when must a Technician licensee identify with “AG” after their call sign?
- G1D07Volunteer Examiners are accredited by what organization?
- G1D08Which of the following criteria must be met for a non-US citizen to be an accredited Volunteer Examiner?
- G1D09How long is a Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE) valid for exam element credit?
- G1D10What is the minimum age that one must be to qualify as an accredited Volunteer Examiner?
- G1D11What action is required to obtain a new General class license after a previously held license has expired and the two-year grace period has passed?
- G1D12When operating a station in South America by remote control over the internet from the US, what regulations apply?
- G1E01Which of the following would disqualify a third party from participating in sending a message via an amateur station?
- G1E02When may a 10-meter repeater retransmit the 2-meter signal from a station that has a Technician class control operator?
- G1E03What is required to conduct communications with a digital station operating under automatic control outside the automatic control band segments?
- G1E04Which of the following conditions require a licensed amateur radio operator to take specific steps to avoid harmful interference to other users or facilities?
- G1E05What are the restrictions on messages sent to a third party in a country with which there is a Third-Party Agreement?
- G1E06The frequency allocations of which ITU region apply to radio amateurs operating in North and South America?
- G1E07In what part of the 2.4 GHz band may an amateur station communicate with non-licensed Wi-Fi stations?
- G1E08What is the maximum PEP output allowed for spread spectrum transmissions?
- G1E10Why should an amateur operator normally avoid transmitting on 14.100, 18.110, 21.150, 24.930 and 28.200 MHz?
- G1E11On what bands may automatically controlled stations transmitting RTTY or data emissions communicate with other automatically controlled digital stations?
- G1E12When may third-party messages be transmitted via remote control?
G2 Operating Procedures
- G2A01Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on frequencies of 14 MHz or higher?
- G2A02Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 160-, 75-, and 40-meter bands?
- G2A03Which mode is most commonly used for SSB voice communications in the VHF and UHF bands?
- G2A04Which mode is most commonly used for voice communications on the 17- and 12-meter bands?
- G2A05Which mode of voice communication is most commonly used on the HF amateur bands?
- G2A06Which of the following is an advantage of using single sideband, as compared to other analog voice modes on the HF amateur bands?
- G2A07Which of the following statements is true of single sideband (SSB)?
- G2A08What is the recommended way to break into a phone contact?
- G2A09Why do most amateur stations use lower sideband on the 160-, 75-, and 40-meter bands?
- G2A10Which of the following statements is true of VOX operation versus PTT operation?
- G2A11Generally, who should respond to a station in the contiguous 48 states calling “CQ DX”?
- G2A12What control is typically adjusted for proper ALC setting on a single sideband transceiver?
- G2B01Which of the following is true concerning access to frequencies?
- G2B02What is the first thing you should do if you are communicating with another amateur station and hear a station in distress break in?
- G2B03What is good amateur practice if propagation changes during a contact creating interference from other stations using the frequency?
- G2B04When selecting a CW transmitting frequency, what minimum separation from other stations should be used to minimize interference to stations on adjacent frequencies?
- G2B05When selecting an SSB transmitting frequency, what minimum separation should be used to minimize interference to stations on adjacent frequencies?
- G2B06How can you avoid harmful interference on an apparently clear frequency before calling CQ on CW or phone?
- G2B07Which of the following complies with commonly accepted amateur practice when choosing a frequency on which to initiate a call?
- G2B08What is the voluntary band plan restriction for US stations transmitting within the 48 contiguous states in the 50.1 MHz to 50.125 MHz band segment?
- G2B09Who may be the control operator of an amateur station transmitting in RACES to assist relief operations during a disaster?
- G2B10Which of the following is good amateur practice for net management?
- G2B11How often may RACES training drills and tests be routinely conducted without special authorization?
- G2C01Which of the following describes full break-in CW operation (QSK)?
- G2C02What should you do if a CW station sends “QRS?”
- G2C03What does it mean when a CW operator sends “KN” at the end of a transmission?
- G2C04What does the Q signal “QRL?” mean?
- G2C05What is the best speed to use when answering a CQ in Morse code?
- G2C06What does the term “zero beat” mean in CW operation?
- G2C07When sending CW, what does a “C” mean when added to the RST report?
- G2C08What prosign is sent to indicate the end of a formal message when using CW?
- G2C09What does the Q signal “QSL” mean?
- G2C10What does the Q signal “QRN” mean?
- G2C11What does the Q signal “QRV” mean?
- G2D01What is the Volunteer Monitor Program?
- G2D02Which of the following are objectives of the Volunteer Monitor Program?
- G2D03What procedure may be used by Volunteer Monitors to localize a station whose continuous carrier is holding a repeater on in their area?
- G2D04Which of the following describes an azimuthal projection map?
- G2D05Which of the following indicates that you are looking for an HF contact with any station?
- G2D06How is a directional antenna pointed when making a “long-path” contact with another station?
- G2D07Which of the following are examples of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet?
- G2D08Why do many amateurs keep a station log?
- G2D09Which of the following is required when participating in a contest on HF frequencies?
- G2D10What is QRP operation?
- G2D11Why are signal reports typically exchanged at the beginning of an HF contact?
- G2E01Which mode is normally used when sending RTTY signals via AFSK with an SSB transmitter?
- G2E02What is VARA?
- G2E03What symptoms may result from other signals interfering with a PACTOR or VARA transmission?
- G2E04Which of the following is good practice when choosing a transmitting frequency to answer a station calling CQ using FT8?
- G2E05What is the standard sideband for JT65, JT9, FT4, or FT8 digital signal when using AFSK?
- G2E06What is the most common frequency shift for RTTY emissions in the amateur HF bands?
- G2E07Which of the following is required when using FT8?
- G2E08In what segment of the 20-meter band are most digital mode operations commonly found?
- G2E09How do you join a contact between two stations using the PACTOR protocol?
- G2E10Which of the following is a way to establish contact with a digital messaging system gateway station?
- G2E11What is the primary purpose of an Amateur Radio Emergency Data Network (AREDN) mesh network?
- G2E12Which of the following describes Winlink?
- G2E13What is another name for a Winlink Remote Message Server?
- G2E14What could be wrong if you cannot decode an RTTY or other FSK signal even though it is apparently tuned in properly?
- G2E15Which of the following is a common location for FT8?
G3 Radio Wave Propagation
- G3A01How does a higher sunspot number affect HF propagation?
- G3A02What effect does a sudden ionospheric disturbance have on the daytime ionospheric propagation?
- G3A03Approximately how long does it take the increased ultraviolet and X-ray radiation from a solar flare to affect radio propagation on Earth?
- G3A04Which of the following are the least reliable bands for long-distance communications during periods of low solar activity?
- G3A05What is the solar flux index?
- G3A06What is a geomagnetic storm?
- G3A07At what point in the solar cycle does the 20-meter band usually support worldwide propagation during daylight hours?
- G3A08How can a geomagnetic storm affect HF propagation?
- G3A09How can high geomagnetic activity benefit radio communications?
- G3A10What causes HF propagation conditions to vary periodically in a 26- to 28-day cycle?
- G3A11How long does it take a coronal mass ejection to affect radio propagation on Earth?
- G3A12What does the K-index measure?
- G3A13What does the A-index measure?
- G3A14How is long distance radio communication usually affected by the charged particles that reach Earth from solar coronal holes?
- G3B01What is a characteristic of skywave signals arriving at your location by both short-path and long-path propagation?
- G3B02What factors affect the MUF?
- G3B03Which frequency will have the least attenuation for long-distance skip propagation?
- G3B04Which of the following is a way to determine current propagation on a desired band from your station?
- G3B05How does the ionosphere affect radio waves with frequencies below the MUF and above the LUF?
- G3B06What usually happens to radio waves with frequencies below the LUF?
- G3B07What does LUF stand for?
- G3B08What does MUF stand for?
- G3B09What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the F2 region?
- G3B10What is the approximate maximum distance along the Earth's surface normally covered in one hop using the E region?
- G3B11What happens to HF propagation when the LUF exceeds the MUF?
- G3B12Which of the following is typical of the lower HF frequencies during the summer?
- G3C01Which ionospheric region is closest to the surface of Earth?
- G3C02What is meant by the term “critical frequency” at a given incidence angle?
- G3C03Why is skip propagation via the F2 region longer than that via the other ionospheric regions?
- G3C04What does the term “critical angle” mean, as applied to radio wave propagation?
- G3C05Why is long-distance communication on the 40-, 60-, 80-, and 160-meter bands more difficult during the day?
- G3C06What is a characteristic of HF scatter?
- G3C07What makes HF scatter signals often sound distorted?
- G3C08Why are HF scatter signals in the skip zone usually weak?
- G3C09What type of propagation allows signals to be heard in the transmitting station's skip zone?
- G3C10What is near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation?
- G3C11Which ionospheric region is the most absorbent of signals below 10 MHz during daylight hours?
G4 Amateur Radio Practices
- G4A01What is the purpose of the notch filter found on many HF transceivers?
- G4A02What is the benefit of using the opposite or “reverse” sideband when receiving CW?
- G4A03How does a noise blanker work?
- G4A04What is the effect on plate current of the correct setting of a vacuum-tube RF power amplifier's TUNE control?
- G4A05Why is automatic level control (ALC) used with an RF power amplifier?
- G4A06What is the purpose of an antenna tuner?
- G4A07What happens as a receiver's noise reduction control level is increased?
- G4A08What is the correct adjustment for the LOAD or COUPLING control of a vacuum tube RF power amplifier?
- G4A09What is the purpose of delaying RF output after activating a transmitter's keying line to an external amplifier?
- G4A10What is the function of an electronic keyer?
- G4A11Why should the ALC system be inactive when transmitting AFSK data signals?
- G4A12Which of the following is a common use of the dual-VFO feature on a transceiver?
- G4A13What is the purpose of using a receive attenuator?
- G4B01What item of test equipment contains horizontal and vertical channel amplifiers?
- G4B02Which of the following is an advantage of an oscilloscope versus a digital voltmeter?
- G4B03Which of the following is the best instrument to use for checking the keying waveform of a CW transmitter?
- G4B04What signal source is connected to the vertical input of an oscilloscope when checking the RF envelope pattern of a transmitted signal?
- G4B05Why do voltmeters have high input impedance?
- G4B06What is an advantage of a digital multimeter as compared to an analog multimeter?
- G4B07What signals are used to conduct a two-tone test?
- G4B08What transmitter performance parameter does a two-tone test analyze?
- G4B09When is an analog multimeter preferred to a digital multimeter?
- G4B10Which of the following can be determined with a directional wattmeter?
- G4B11Which of the following must be connected to an antenna analyzer when it is being used for SWR measurements?
- G4B12What effect can strong signals from nearby transmitters have on an antenna analyzer?
- G4B13Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer?
- G4C01Which of the following might be useful in reducing RF interference to audio frequency circuits?
- G4C02Which of the following could be a cause of interference covering a wide range of frequencies?
- G4C03What sound is heard from an audio device experiencing RF interference from a single sideband phone transmitter?
- G4C04What sound is heard from an audio device experiencing RF interference from a CW transmitter?
- G4C05What is a possible cause of high voltages that produce RF burns?
- G4C06What is a possible effect of a resonant ground connection?
- G4C07Why should soldered joints not be used in lightning protection ground connections?
- G4C08Which of the following would reduce RF interference caused by common-mode current on an audio cable?
- G4C09How can the effects of ground loops be minimized?
- G4C10What could be a symptom caused by a ground loop in your station's audio connections?
- G4C11What technique helps to minimize RF “hot spots” in an amateur station?
- G4C12Why must all metal enclosures of station equipment be grounded?
- G4D01What is the purpose of a speech processor in a transceiver?
- G4D02How does a speech processor affect a single sideband phone signal?
- G4D03What is the effect of an incorrectly adjusted speech processor?
- G4D04What does an S meter measure?
- G4D05How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter?
- G4D06How much change in signal strength is typically represented by one S unit?
- G4D07How much must the power output of a transmitter be raised to change the S meter reading on a distant receiver from S8 to S9?
- G4D08What frequency range is occupied by a 3 kHz LSB signal when the displayed carrier frequency is set to 7.178 MHz?
- G4D09What frequency range is occupied by a 3 kHz USB signal with the displayed carrier frequency set to 14.347 MHz?
- G4D10How close to the lower edge of a band's phone segment should your displayed carrier frequency be when using 3 kHz wide LSB?
- G4D11How close to the upper edge of a band's phone segment should your displayed carrier frequency be when using 3 kHz wide USB?
- G4E01What is the purpose of a capacitance hat on a mobile antenna?
- G4E02What is the purpose of a corona ball on an HF mobile antenna?
- G4E03Which of the following direct, fused power connections would be the best for a 100-watt HF mobile installation?
- G4E04Why should DC power for a 100-watt HF transceiver not be supplied by a vehicle's auxiliary power socket?
- G4E05Which of the following most limits an HF mobile installation?
- G4E06What is one disadvantage of using a shortened mobile antenna as opposed to a full-size antenna?
- G4E07Which of the following may cause receive interference to an HF transceiver installed in a vehicle?
- G4E08In what configuration are the individual cells in a solar panel connected together?
- G4E09What is the approximate open-circuit voltage from a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell?
- G4E10Why should a series diode be connected between a solar panel and a storage battery that is being charged by the panel?
- G4E11What precaution should be taken when connecting a solar panel to a lithium iron phosphate battery?
G5 Electrical Principles
- G5A01What happens when inductive and capacitive reactance are equal in a series LC circuit?
- G5A02What is reactance?
- G5A03Which of the following is opposition to the flow of alternating current in an inductor?
- G5A04Which of the following is opposition to the flow of alternating current in a capacitor?
- G5A05How does an inductor react to AC?
- G5A06How does a capacitor react to AC?
- G5A07What is the term for the inverse of impedance?
- G5A08What is impedance?
- G5A09What unit is used to measure reactance?
- G5A10Which of the following devices can be used for impedance matching at radio frequencies?
- G5A11What letter is used to represent reactance?
- G5A12What occurs in an LC circuit at resonance?
- G5B01What dB change represents a factor of two increase or decrease in power?
- G5B02How does the total current relate to the individual currents in a circuit of parallel resistors?
- G5B03How many watts of electrical power are consumed if 400 VDC is supplied to an 800-ohm load?
- G5B04How many watts of electrical power are consumed by a 12 VDC light bulb that draws 0.2 amperes?
- G5B05How many watts are consumed when a current of 7.0 milliamperes flows through a 1,250-ohm resistance?
- G5B06What is the PEP produced by 200 volts peak-to-peak across a 50-ohm dummy load?
- G5B07What value of an AC signal produces the same power dissipation in a resistor as a DC voltage of the same value?
- G5B08What is the peak-to-peak voltage of a sine wave with an RMS voltage of 120 volts?
- G5B09What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak?
- G5B10What percentage of power loss is equivalent to a loss of 1 dB?
- G5B11What is the ratio of PEP to average power for an unmodulated carrier?
- G5B12What is the RMS voltage across a 50-ohm dummy load dissipating 1200 watts?
- G5B13What is the output PEP of an unmodulated carrier if the average power is 1060 watts?
- G5B14What is the output PEP of 500 volts peak-to-peak across a 50-ohm load?
- G5C01What causes a voltage to appear across the secondary winding of a transformer when an AC voltage source is connected across its primary winding?
- G5C02What is the output voltage if an input signal is applied to the secondary winding of a 4:1 voltage step-down transformer instead of the primary winding?
- G5C03What is the total resistance of a 10-, a 20-, and a 50-ohm resistor connected in parallel?
- G5C04What is the approximate total resistance of a 100- and a 200-ohm resistor in parallel?
- G5C05Why is the primary winding wire of a voltage step-up transformer usually a larger size than that of the secondary winding?
- G5C06What is the voltage output of a transformer with a 500-turn primary and a 1500-turn secondary when 120 VAC is applied to the primary?
- G5C07What transformer turns ratio matches an antenna's 600-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm coaxial cable?
- G5C08What is the equivalent capacitance of two 5.0-nanofarad capacitors and one 750-picofarad capacitor connected in parallel?
- G5C09What is the capacitance of three 100-microfarad capacitors connected in series?
- G5C10What is the inductance of three 10-millihenry inductors connected in parallel?
- G5C11What is the inductance of a circuit with a 20-millihenry inductor connected in series with a 50-millihenry inductor?
- G5C12What is the capacitance of a 20-microfarad capacitor connected in series with a 50-microfarad capacitor?
- G5C13Which of the following components should be added to a capacitor to increase the capacitance?
- G5C14Which of the following components should be added to an inductor to increase the inductance?
G6 Circuit Components
- G6A01What is the minimum allowable discharge voltage for maximum life of a standard 12-volt lead-acid battery?
- G6A02What is an advantage of batteries with low internal resistance?
- G6A03What is the approximate forward threshold voltage of a germanium diode?
- G6A04Which of the following is characteristic of an electrolytic capacitor?
- G6A05What is the approximate forward threshold voltage of a silicon junction diode?
- G6A06Why should wire-wound resistors not be used in RF circuits?
- G6A07What are the operating points for a bipolar transistor used as a switch?
- G6A08Which of the following is characteristic of low voltage ceramic capacitors?
- G6A09Which of the following describes MOSFET construction?
- G6A10Which element of a vacuum tube regulates the flow of electrons between cathode and plate?
- G6A11What happens when an inductor is operated above its self-resonant frequency?
- G6A12What is the primary purpose of a screen grid in a vacuum tube?
- G6B01What determines the performance of a ferrite core at different frequencies?
- G6B02What is meant by the term MMIC?
- G6B03Which of the following is an advantage of CMOS integrated circuits compared to TTL integrated circuits?
- G6B04What is a typical upper frequency limit for low SWR operation of 50-ohm BNC connectors?
- G6B05What is an advantage of using a ferrite core toroidal inductor?
- G6B06What kind of device is an integrated circuit operational amplifier?
- G6B07Which of the following describes a type N connector?
- G6B08How is an LED biased when emitting light?
- G6B10How does a ferrite bead or core reduce common-mode RF current on the shield of a coaxial cable?
- G6B11What is an SMA connector?
- G6B12Which of these connector types is commonly used for low frequency or dc signal connections to a transceiver?
G7 Practical Circuits
- G7A01What is the function of a power supply bleeder resistor?
- G7A02Which of the following components are used in a power supply filter network?
- G7A03Which type of rectifier circuit uses two diodes and a center-tapped transformer?
- G7A04What is characteristic of a half-wave rectifier in a power supply?
- G7A05What portion of the AC cycle is converted to DC by a half-wave rectifier?
- G7A06What portion of the AC cycle is converted to DC by a full-wave rectifier?
- G7A07What is the output waveform of an unfiltered full-wave rectifier connected to a resistive load?
- G7A08Which of the following is characteristic of a switchmode power supply as compared to a linear power supply?
- G7A09Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents a field effect transistor?
- G7A10Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents a Zener diode?
- G7A11Which symbol in figure G7-1 represents an NPN junction transistor?
- G7A12Which symbol in Figure G7-1 represents a solid core transformer?
- G7A13Which symbol in Figure G7-1 represents a tapped inductor?
- G7B01What is the purpose of neutralizing an amplifier?
- G7B02Which of these classes of amplifiers has the highest efficiency?
- G7B03Which of the following describes the function of a two-input AND gate?
- G7B04In a Class A amplifier, what percentage of the time does the amplifying device conduct?
- G7B05How many states does a 3-bit binary counter have?
- G7B06What is a shift register?
- G7B07Which of the following are basic components of a sine wave oscillator?
- G7B08How is the efficiency of an RF power amplifier determined?
- G7B09What determines the frequency of an LC oscillator?
- G7B10Which of the following describes a linear amplifier?
- G7B11For which of the following modes is a Class C power stage appropriate for amplifying a modulated signal?
- G7C01What circuit is used to select one of the sidebands from a balanced modulator?
- G7C02What output is produced by a balanced modulator?
- G7C03What is one reason to use an impedance matching transformer at a transmitter output?
- G7C04How is a product detector used?
- G7C05Which of the following is characteristic of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)?
- G7C06Which of the following is an advantage of a digital signal processing (DSP) filter compared to an analog filter?
- G7C07What term specifies a filter's attenuation inside its passband?
- G7C08Which parameter affects receiver sensitivity?
- G7C09What is the phase difference between the I and Q RF signals that software-defined radio (SDR) equipment uses for modulation and demodulation?
- G7C10What is an advantage of using I-Q modulation with software-defined radios (SDRs)?
- G7C11Which of these functions is performed by software in a software-defined radio (SDR)?
- G7C12What is the frequency above which a low-pass filter's output power is less than half the input power?
- G7C13What term specifies a filter's maximum ability to reject signals outside its passband?
- G7C14The bandwidth of a band-pass filter is measured between what two frequencies?
G8 Signals and Emissions
- G8A01How is direct binary FSK modulation generated?
- G8A02What is the name of the process that changes the phase angle of an RF signal to convey information?
- G8A03What is the name of the process that changes the instantaneous frequency of an RF wave to convey information?
- G8A04What emission is produced by a reactance modulator connected to a transmitter RF amplifier stage?
- G8A05What type of modulation varies the instantaneous power level of the RF signal?
- G8A06Which of the following is characteristic of QPSK31?
- G8A07Which of the following phone emissions uses the narrowest bandwidth?
- G8A08Which of the following is an effect of overmodulation?
- G8A09What type of modulation is used by FT8?
- G8A10What is meant by the term “flat-topping,” when referring to an amplitude-modulated phone signal?
- G8A11What is the modulation envelope of an AM signal?
- G8A12What is QPSK modulation?
- G8A13What is a link budget?
- G8A14What is link margin?
- G8B01Which mixer input is varied or tuned to convert signals of different frequencies to an intermediate frequency (IF)?
- G8B02What is the term for interference from a signal at twice the IF frequency from the desired signal?
- G8B03What is another term for the mixing of two RF signals?
- G8B04What is the stage in a VHF FM transmitter that generates a harmonic of a lower frequency signal to reach the desired operating frequency?
- G8B05Which intermodulation products are closest to the original signal frequencies?
- G8B06What is the total bandwidth of an FM phone transmission having 5 kHz deviation and 3 kHz modulating frequency?
- G8B07What is the frequency deviation for a 12.21 MHz reactance modulated oscillator in a 5 kHz deviation, 146.52 MHz FM phone transmitter?
- G8B08Why is it important to know the duty cycle of the mode you are using when transmitting?
- G8B09Why is it good to match receiver bandwidth to the bandwidth of the operating mode?
- G8B10What is the relationship between transmitted symbol rate and bandwidth?
- G8B11What combination of a mixer's Local Oscillator (LO) and RF input frequencies is found in the output?
- G8B12What process combines two signals in a non-linear circuit to produce unwanted spurious outputs?
- G8B13Which of the following is an odd-order intermodulation product of frequencies F1 and F2?
- G8C02Which digital mode is used as a low-power beacon for assessing HF propagation?
- G8C03What part of a packet radio frame contains the routing and handling information?
- G8C04Which of the following describes Baudot code?
- G8C05In an ARQ mode, what is meant by a NAK response to a transmitted packet?
- G8C06What action results from a failure to exchange information due to excessive transmission attempts when using an ARQ mode?
- G8C07Which of the following narrow-band digital modes can receive signals with very low signal-to-noise ratios?
- G8C08Which of the following statements is true about PSK31?
- G8C09Which is true of mesh network microwave nodes?
- G8C10How does forward error correction (FEC) allow the receiver to correct data errors?
- G8C11How are the two separate frequencies of a Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK) signal identified?
- G8C12Which type of code is used for sending characters in a PSK31 signal?
- G8C13What is indicated on a waterfall display by one or more vertical lines on either side of a data mode or RTTY signal?
- G8C14Which of the following describes a waterfall display?
- G8C15What does an FT8 signal report of +3 mean?
- G8C16Which of the following provide digital voice modes?
G9 Antennas and Feed Lines
- G9A01Which of the following factors determine the characteristic impedance of a parallel conductor feed line?
- G9A02What is the relationship between high standing wave ratio (SWR) and transmission line loss?
- G9A03What is the nominal characteristic impedance of “window line” transmission line?
- G9A04What causes reflected power at an antenna's feed point?
- G9A05How does the attenuation of coaxial cable change with increasing frequency?
- G9A06In what units is RF feed line loss usually expressed?
- G9A07What must be done to prevent standing waves on a feed line connected to an antenna?
- G9A08If the SWR on an antenna feed line is 5:1, and a matching network at the transmitter end of the feed line is adjusted to present a 1:1 SWR to the transmitter, what is the resulting SWR on the feed line?
- G9A09What standing wave ratio results from connecting a 50-ohm feed line to a 200-ohm resistive load?
- G9A10What standing wave ratio results from connecting a 50-ohm feed line to a 10-ohm resistive load?
- G9A11What is the effect of transmission line loss on SWR measured at the input to the line?
- G9B01What is a characteristic of a random-wire HF antenna connected directly to the transmitter?
- G9B02Which of the following is a common way to adjust the feed point impedance of an elevated quarter-wave ground-plane vertical antenna to be approximately 50 ohms?
- G9B03Which of the following best describes the radiation pattern of a quarter-wave ground-plane vertical antenna?
- G9B04What is the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna in free space in a plane containing the conductor?
- G9B05How does antenna height affect the azimuthal radiation pattern of a horizontal dipole HF antenna at elevation angles higher than about 45 degrees?
- G9B06Where should the radial wires of a ground-mounted vertical antenna system be placed?
- G9B07How does the feed point impedance of a horizontal 1/2 wave dipole antenna change as the antenna height is reduced to 1/10 wavelength above ground?
- G9B08How does the feed point impedance of a 1/2 wave dipole change as the feed point is moved from the center toward the ends?
- G9B09Which of the following is an advantage of using a horizontally polarized as compared to a vertically polarized HF antenna?
- G9B10What is the approximate length for a 1/2 wave dipole antenna cut for 14.250 MHz?
- G9B11What is the approximate length for a 1/2 wave dipole antenna cut for 3.550 MHz?
- G9B12What is the approximate length for a 1/4 wave monopole antenna cut for 28.5 MHz?
- G9C01Which of the following would increase the bandwidth of a Yagi antenna?
- G9C02What is the approximate length of the driven element of a Yagi antenna?
- G9C03How do the lengths of a three-element Yagi reflector and director compare to that of the driven element?
- G9C04How does antenna gain in dBi compare to gain stated in dBd for the same antenna?
- G9C05What is the primary effect of increasing boom length and adding directors to a Yagi antenna?
- G9C07What does “front-to-back ratio” mean in reference to a Yagi antenna?
- G9C08What is meant by the “main lobe” of a directive antenna?
- G9C09In free space, how does the gain of two three-element, horizontally polarized Yagi antennas spaced vertically 1/2 wavelength apart typically compare to the gain of a single three-element Yagi?
- G9C10Which of the following can be adjusted to optimize forward gain, front-to-back ratio, or SWR bandwidth of a Yagi antenna?
- G9C11What is a beta or hairpin match?
- G9C12Which of the following is a characteristic of using a gamma match with a Yagi antenna?
- G9D01Which of the following antenna types will be most effective as a near vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) antenna for short-skip communications on 40 meters during the day?
- G9D02What is the feed point impedance of an end-fed half-wave antenna?
- G9D03In which direction is the maximum radiation from a VHF/UHF “halo” antenna?
- G9D04What is the primary function of antenna traps?
- G9D05What is an advantage of vertically stacking horizontally polarized Yagi antennas?
- G9D06Which of the following is an advantage of a log-periodic antenna?
- G9D07Which of the following describes a log-periodic antenna?
- G9D08How does a “screwdriver” mobile antenna adjust its feed point impedance?
- G9D09What is the primary use of a Beverage antenna?
- G9D10In which direction or directions does an electrically small loop (less than 1/10 wavelength in circumference) have nulls in its radiation pattern?
- G9D11Which of the following is a disadvantage of multiband antennas?
- G9D12What is the common name of a dipole with a single central support?
G0 Electrical and RF Safety
- G0A01What is one way that RF energy can affect human body tissue?
- G0A02Which of the following is used to determine RF exposure from a transmitted signal?
- G0A03How can you determine that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?
- G0A04What does “time averaging” mean when evaluating RF radiation exposure?
- G0A05What must you do if an evaluation of your station shows that the RF energy radiated by your station exceeds permissible limits for possible human absorption?
- G0A06What must you do if your station fails to meet the FCC RF exposure exemption criteria?
- G0A07What is the effect of modulation duty cycle on RF exposure?
- G0A08Which of the following steps must an amateur operator take to ensure compliance with RF safety regulations?
- G0A09What type of instrument can be used to accurately measure an RF field strength?
- G0A10What should be done if evaluation shows that a neighbor might experience more than the allowable limit of RF exposure from the main lobe of a directional antenna?
- G0A11What precaution should be taken if you install an indoor transmitting antenna?
- G0A12What stations are subject to the FCC rules on RF exposure?
- G0B01Which wire or wires in a four-conductor 240 VAC circuit should be attached to fuses or circuit breakers?
- G0B02According to the National Electrical Code, what is the minimum wire size that may be used safely for wiring with a 20-ampere circuit breaker?
- G0B03Which size of fuse or circuit breaker would be appropriate to use with a circuit that uses AWG number 14 wiring?
- G0B04Where should the station's lightning protection ground system be located?
- G0B05Which of the following conditions will cause a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) to disconnect AC power?
- G0B06Which of the following is covered by the National Electrical Code?
- G0B07Which of these choices should be observed when climbing a tower using a safety harness?
- G0B08What should be done before climbing a tower that supports electrically powered devices?
- G0B09Which of the following is true of an emergency generator installation?
- G0B10Which of the following is a danger from lead-tin solder?
- G0B11Which of the following is required for lightning protection ground rods?
- G0B12What is the purpose of a power supply interlock?
- G0B13Where should lightning arrestors be located?